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Inspire

Emptiness and Compassion: Buddhism'sRevolutionary Physics of Reality

RT
Robert Thurman
Dec 30, 2015
9 min read

TLDR: In this lecture, Robert Thurman explores Nāgārjuna's famous maxim that "emptiness is the womb of compassion," arguing that Buddha was fundamentally a scientist who discovered the true nature of reality—not suffering, but bliss arising from understanding interdependence and the absence of a separate, absolute self. This discovery naturally generates universal compassion because once you recognize that you are not the center of the universe, and that all beings are equally real and interconnected, you automatically become an altruist committed to their flourishing.

Read · 9 sections

Why Buddha Should Be Understood as a Scientist, Not a Religious Founder

Thurman begins by reframing the Buddha entirely. Rather than positioning him as a religious prophet or mythological figure, Thurman argues that Buddha was a scientist—someone who conducted an investigation into the nature of reality and reported his findings. The Buddha himself encouraged critical evaluation: he did not ask people to believe in him because of his authority, but to test his teachings against their own experience. This scientific method aligns with how modern inquiry operates.

The Buddha's actual discovery, Thurman emphasizes, was not suffering. "Any idiot can discover suffering," he notes with characteristic directness. The Buddha's revolutionary insight was that the true nature of reality is bliss—what he called nirvana. This discovery arose from understanding the deepest structure of how reality actually works, and from recognizing that our habitual ways of thinking about ourselves and the world are fundamentally mistaken.

Thurman connects this to a broader cultural problem: throughout history, ruling classes and institutions have worked to keep populations in a state of mild suffering, believing this promotes productivity and obedience. "In most societies in world history, bliss is illegal," he observes. The Buddha's teaching of enlightenment—the recognition that you can access bliss through correcting your understanding—therefore represents a subversive political as well as spiritual proposition.

What Does It Mean That We Think We Are "The One"?

At the core of human suffering, according to Thurman's rendering of Buddhist philosophy, lies a fundamental mistake: each person secretly believes they are the center of the universe, the ultimate subject to whom everyone else is subsidiary. His Mongolian guru summarized this perfectly: "Everyone is correct that they're real. Everyone is real. But the problem is everyone thinks they're really real." This exaggerated sense of one's own absolute reality—what Thurman calls thinking you are "the one"—creates the illusion that the world and other beings exist primarily as supporting actors in your personal drama.

This is not merely a philosophical error. It has direct consequences for how we suffer and how we relate to others. If you believe you are the absolute center of reality, then other people and circumstances become threats or obstacles to your well-being. Their needs, desires, and suffering matter less than yours. This setup generates perpetual conflict and anxiety.

Thurman is careful to note that Buddhism's solution is not to deny that you exist or that the self is completely illusory in an absolute sense. Rather, the correction is to realize that you are one of the ones—not the only one. Everyone else is equally real, equally the protagonist in their own experience, equally deserving of well-being. This realization does not require you to disappear; it requires you to contextualize your reality within a much larger web of interdependence.

The Buddhist Critique of Absolute Selfhood

Thurman emphasizes that simply saying you are selfless does not undo the gut-level conviction that you are absolutely real and separate. Intellectual assent to selflessness leaves the problem untouched. Instead, the Buddha offered a method: look for that absolute self. Search carefully for the unchanging, independent essence that you believe makes you "you." When you examine experience directly—not through theory but through direct observation—you discover that no such essence exists. The self is a conventional designation, useful for navigating the relative world, but not an ultimate reality.

This investigation is not meant to be morbid or nihilistic. Rather, it is liberating. Once you release the exhausting project of defending and promoting an illusory absolute self, once you realize your fundamental interdependence with everything and everyone, you naturally become a bodhisattva—someone committed to the welfare of all beings. You do not become altruistic because you are forced to by guilt or morality. You become altruistic because it is the realistic response to how things actually are.

Matter Is Emptiness: The Physical Meaning of Interdependence

Thurman invokes the famous statement "Matter is emptiness," connecting Buddhist metaphysics to modern physics. Emptiness (śūnyatā in Sanskrit) does not mean nothingness or non-existence. Rather, it means the absence of independent, inherent existence. Everything that exists—including matter itself—exists only in relation to everything else. There is no atom, no particle, no thing that exists in isolation, untouched by causes and conditions.

This understanding aligns with Buddhist cosmology and with contemporary scientific understanding of interdependence. The Buddha taught that suffering and its causes arise from specific conditions, and that these can be understood through the logic of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). As expressed in one of the central verses Thurman references, "If there is this, then there is that; if this comes into being, then that comes into being."

The point is that reality is fundamentally relational. Your existence depends on parents, air, food, the sun, countless invisible causes. Your mind depends on sensory input, memory, language, culture. There is no you without the rest of the universe. This is not poetic metaphor in the Buddhist framework—it is the literal structure of existence.

How Does Understanding Emptiness Generate Compassion?

This brings us to the crux of Nāgārjuna's teaching: emptiness is the womb of compassion. Why would this be true?

If everything exists only through interdependence, then hurting others is literally hurting yourself—not in a sentimental sense, but in the deepest possible way. Your well-being and theirs are interwoven. Moreover, if there is no absolutely separate, permanently independent self, then the boundary you normally feel between "me" and "them" is not ultimately real. It is real at the conventional level (yes, you have a body, a name, a history), but not at the ultimate level of how existence actually works.

When this sinks in—not as an idea but as lived understanding—compassion becomes inevitable. It is not that you decide to be compassionate out of duty. Rather, you recognize that the suffering of others is not separate from your own well-being. Because you understand that all beings are equally trapped in the illusion of separate selfhood, and all beings deserve freedom from that suffering, you naturally wish to help them.

Thurman notes that in Buddhist cosmology, there are specific realms or states of consciousness that embody this compassion. One is maitri or loving-kindness, which involves wishing all beings to be happy. Another is compassion (karuna), which involves wishing to relieve their suffering. These are not forced moral sentiments; they are described as the natural emotional reflection of understanding reality correctly.

The Healed Vision of Medicine Buddha

Thurman opens his talk with a slide of Medicine Buddha, sitting in his garden, turning blue with compassion as he contemplates human suffering. In the vision that arises when his students receive his teaching, everything in the universe appears as medicine. Even poison can become medicine if you understand its properties and context.

This image encapsulates the shift in perception that occurs when you understand emptiness and interconnection. Rather than experiencing the world as a hostile place full of threats and allergens coming at you, you recognize that the very things that cause suffering—if understood correctly—can become teachings, catalysts for insight, or resources for healing. This is not spiritual bypassing or forced positivity. It flows from recognizing that nothing has independent, poisonous nature; everything is empty of such a nature, and therefore everything is potentially beneficial if approached with knowledge and compassion.

Emptiness as a Nurturing Membrane

Thurman describes reality's ultimate nature as "a nurturing membrane"—emptiness is not a blank void but a fertile, interconnected field. This resonates with Einstein's recognition of the unified field, and Thurman suggests that Buddhist thinkers grasped this intuition centuries before modern physics began to articulate it.

The implication is profound: if reality is fundamentally a unified, interconnected whole, then the compassion and love you direct toward others is not separate from self-love. They are the same impulse, properly understood. This erases the false division between selflessness and happiness. By releasing the project of absolute self-protection, you access deeper happiness. By recognizing interconnection, you access genuine self-interest and genuine care for others as one unified aspiration.

The Role of Critical Reason in Buddhist Practice

Thurman emphasizes that the Buddha was "a critical reasoner." Buddhism is not anti-intellectual or mystical in the sense of rejecting logic. Rather, it uses logic, debate, analysis, and direct observation to arrive at understanding. The difference between Buddhist and materialist science, in Thurman's view, is that materialists sometimes conclude from lack of evidence for the soul that nothing but matter exists and that death is total cessation. Buddhism, by contrast, reasons that if consciousness exists and arises from causes and conditions, those causes and conditions must precede the physical body and persist after it. This leads not to nihilism but to a more complete account of reality.

The point is that emptiness and compassion are not matters of faith or blind acceptance. They are conclusions that can be reasoned toward and verified through investigation. This makes them scientific discoveries, even if the methodology is internal observation rather than external measurement.

Where to Go From Here

If you are interested in exploring these teachings further, you might begin with direct investigation: look honestly at your experience and see if you can locate an absolutely independent, unchanging self. What do you find? How does it feel when you release the need to defend such a self?

You might also study Nāgārjuna's philosophical texts, especially the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way), which systematically deconstructs the illusion of independent existence and shows how wisdom and compassion arise naturally from this understanding. Or explore Thurman's own books, which bring Buddhist philosophy into dialogue with Western thought and contemporary life.

Finally, consider how the recognition of interdependence might reshape your approach to ethics, relationships, and work. If everything is interconnected, what are the implications for how you treat the environment, how you communicate with others, how you use your skills and resources? Emptiness is not a passive state; it is the womb—the fertile ground—from which compassion and meaningful action arise.

Transcript

[0:12] How are you everybody? Congratulations

[0:14] for getting up in the morning.

[0:17] And uh where do I have a slide up there?

[0:19] Oh.

[0:21] Oh, good.

[0:22] So, that's what that's my my what I'm

[0:24] talking about.

[0:26] And um I like I also like the

[0:28] introduction because focusing on what

[0:30] I'm going to do today,

[0:32] I realized that I most likely would like

[0:33] to take a nap.

[0:35] However, it's another nap, but you know,

[0:38] being somewhat jet lagged.

[0:39] However, I have not yet achieved what my

[0:41] son once said

[0:43] when we attended a lecture by a great

[0:45] Zen master in um Santa Cruz, actually,

[0:48] years ago.

[0:49] And if some people from a different Zen

[0:51] center were present there, and they all

[0:53] fell asleep during the lecture.

[0:55] And my son, who was younger in those

[0:57] days, he was very annoyed and felt it

[0:59] was a very much an insult to the

[1:01] visiting Zen master.

[1:03] But then they said, "Oh, no, it's a

[1:04] great compliment

[1:06] to a lecture or teacher or Dharma talk

[1:08] giver when you fall asleep when he when

[1:10] he talks." So, my son wasn't buying it,

[1:13] and he said, "I'm sorry, that doesn't

[1:15] work. If in fact the person who's giving

[1:19] the lecture could fall asleep while

[1:21] giving it and keep giving it, then I'd

[1:23] be impressed," he said.

[1:25] He said. So, that would be true non-dual

[1:27] lecture would be to

[1:29] sound asleep, resting in the absolute,

[1:32] and giving the lecture in the relative

[1:33] simultaneously. That would be perfect.

[1:36] Because the the achievement of

[1:37] non-duality, basically, one of the one

[1:39] of the aspects of it is the ability to

[1:41] be asleep and awake at the same time.

[1:44] Anyway.

[1:45] Anyway.

[1:46] So, this is I always show this slide

[1:48] beginning these things because this is

[1:50] Medicine Buddha

[1:51] who is my one of my favorite

[1:53] manifestations of Buddha

[1:55] which um um is in his mandala of healing

[1:58] of healing energy. Why does it go

[2:00] different when I walk over here? Healing

[2:02] energy and um

[2:04] when he thinks of human beings suffering

[2:06] of sickness, he turns blue.

[2:08] And uh then he holds a plant of the

[2:10] myrobalan nut in one hand, which is a

[2:14] key kind of panacea medicine in

[2:16] Ayurvedic and Tibetan medicine, Buddhist

[2:18] medicine, Indian and Tibetan Buddhist

[2:20] medicine. And that's he's in his garden

[2:22] and when he teaches the teaching of

[2:24] healing from the Buddhist point of view,

[2:27] uh temporarily everyone who is present

[2:29] and there are Hindus and Buddhists and

[2:32] Jains and all kinds of people in that

[2:34] assembly and humans and gods are also

[2:36] both there.

[2:37] But everything in the universe is they

[2:39] have a vision while they listen to him

[2:41] of everything being medicine.

[2:44] There there's no you know, even poison

[2:45] is medicine if you have the knowledge

[2:48] that that it can be beneficial in

[2:49] certain context. So suddenly instead of

[2:52] our usual feeling of some germs coming

[2:54] after us or some problem happening,

[2:56] there's some toxins in the around us,

[2:59] there's a vision of everything as

[3:00] healing, everything as healing, which I

[3:02] like very much. But that's just for fun.

[3:04] So now, I was just talking to Sky who

[3:07] was a physicist and um

[3:09] and I I was saying that I consider I'm

[3:12] very much into the idea that we should

[3:14] try to swallow the idea as modern people

[3:17] who think we are too advanced and we

[3:18] have great sciences and we are uniquely

[3:21] with the uniquely avant-garde front

[3:23] culture in the history of the universe

[3:25] of this world at least of this planet.

[3:27] Of course, we thinking that this planet

[3:29] is the only one with human beings and I

[3:31] like to overthrow that idea. I don't

[3:33] agree with that idea. And so I make a

[3:35] big thing about a Buddha as a scientist

[3:37] has to be considered a scientist and why

[3:39] rather than a religion founder or a

[3:41] prophet.

[3:42] And why? Because

[3:45] uh Buddha's um discovery was the nature

[3:48] of reality, they say. I mean, of Of we

[3:50] they may be wrong. We have to be aware

[3:52] of that. We have to critically evaluate

[3:54] that. He asked us to critically evaluate

[3:56] it. He didn't say believe that I'm a

[3:57] Buddha. He said, "I am a Buddha and I

[4:00] know everything and having discovered

[4:02] the true nature of reality, I'm totally

[4:04] gassed out."

[4:06] Because the true nature of reality is

[4:08] bliss. It's nirvana. That's That was his

[4:10] discovery. His discovery was not

[4:12] suffering. Any idiot can discover

[4:14] suffering. Just Just stub your toe.

[4:18] Just stub your toe. And uh or stay up an

[4:21] extra two days or something without

[4:22] sleep and you know suffering. But But uh

[4:25] he discovered bliss actually and that's

[4:27] why he didn't focus on if you insist on

[4:29] being on enlightened, then you will

[4:31] suffer.

[4:32] That was his uh message, you know. The

[4:33] only reason he did that as the Dalai

[4:35] Lama says, if he hadn't discovered bliss

[4:37] being the option that you have by

[4:40] choosing a different understanding

[4:42] then and dispelling the illusory

[4:44] understanding that we are conditioned to

[4:46] by our cultures, which mostly want us to

[4:49] mostly want us to suffer.

[4:51] Uh you know, the elites of the different

[4:52] cultures, the high priests, the rulers,

[4:55] they want to cuz they want us to work.

[4:57] And they want us They don't want us to

[4:58] feel too good because then we might not

[5:00] want to work all the time for them.

[5:03] So So and So that's why in most

[5:05] societies in world history, bliss is

[5:07] illegal.

[5:10] In our country, too. Very much so. And

[5:13] um

[5:14] So anyway, we have the world totally

[5:15] upside down.

[5:17] We think that relative reality is

[5:18] absolute. We think we are absolute. Each

[5:21] person about their own ego, about their

[5:23] own self. They think there's something

[5:25] in there that's the real thing. As my

[5:27] old Mongolian guru used to say,

[5:29] "Everyone is correct that they're real.

[5:31] Everyone is real. But the problem is

[5:34] everyone thinks they're really real. And

[5:36] there they're way off base.

[5:38] Actually, they're only unreal real. But

[5:40] that's still real enough to worry about,

[5:42] of course, and to deal with it. But

[5:45] that's not that exaggerated level of

[5:46] being the absolute reality yourself the

[5:49] center of the universe etc. And

[5:51] therefore others as sub sort subsidiary

[5:53] to you or possibly simply a matrix

[5:55] illusion and you're the one, you know.

[5:57] And he used to say that too like decades

[5:59] before the matrix. He used to say

[6:01] everybody goes around secretly thinking

[6:04] I'm the one.

[6:06] And and that's a problem. But but

[6:08] Buddhism doesn't solve that problem just

[6:10] to dispel that illusion by everybody

[6:12] discovering that they don't exist. That

[6:15] would be also idiotic. If Buddha was

[6:17] going to say oh my discovery is that we

[6:18] all don't exist so we're cool.

[6:21] Like my like modern materialist

[6:23] scientists do. They go around claiming

[6:25] that they've discovered that there's no

[6:27] soul and therefore no future life and

[6:29] therefore everybody's automatically

[6:30] cool. All you have to do is die.

[6:33] And then you'll you'll you'll return to

[6:34] your basically non-existent state and

[6:36] they'll take your body and put it in the

[6:38] heavenly rest the permanent sleep

[6:40] cemetery and then you won't have any

[6:42] further problems. But that Buddha would

[6:45] not agree with. That's not correct.

[6:47] The the whole correction of

[6:48] enlightenment is

[6:50] to stop being the one yourself.

[6:53] Realize you're not the one. You're one

[6:55] of the ones.

[6:57] You and other people are all the

[6:59] everybody else is the one too and once

[7:01] you know that and there's so many more

[7:03] of them you automatically become an

[7:05] altruist. You become a bodhisattva and

[7:07] you want to help them and then you

[7:09] become happy rather than miserable.

[7:11] Anyway, we think our original self

[7:13] identity is really us. That it deposes a

[7:16] world absolutely other and that

[7:18] situation produces suffering.

[7:20] All right, that's really simple. It's

[7:22] not rocket science. It doesn't require

[7:24] major enlightenment just a little bit of

[7:26] human enlightenment for us to deal with

[7:28] that idea those ideas. Okay? Then he

[7:31] looks for that self that absolute self.

[7:33] It doesn't help to just say oh yeah, I'm

[7:35] selfless.

[7:37] That won't help because at the gut level

[7:39] you still think you're absolute. And if

[7:41] you're un-enlightened, I mean you may

[7:42] all be enlightened by now. You're you've

[7:44] already been to the conference for 3

[7:45] days.

[7:46] So, never mind if I'm if I'm

[7:48] short-changing you. If you're

[7:49] enlightened, you don't mind.

[7:52] If you're unenlightened, you're offended

[7:54] if I

[7:55] assume that you're unenlightened. So,

[7:57] I'll just since I'm unenlightened, I'll

[7:59] assume that we all are.

[8:01] So, but Buddha realized his freedom from

[8:03] that separate selfhood, that absolute

[8:05] separateness from everything else,

[8:06] enjoyed the release of his relative

[8:08] self, and thereby

[8:10] realized infinite interconnectedness

[8:12] with all life. And this is a central

[8:14] thing in my talk to this morning that um

[8:18] that the key about non-duality is that

[8:21] this right here now is non-duality.

[8:24] Non-duality doesn't mean that we're

[8:25] going to disappear into some vast state,

[8:28] and it's all have an experience of like

[8:29] it's all one,

[8:31] but nobody's there.

[8:33] It's all there no problems because

[8:34] nobody's in the one.

[8:36] Cuz cuz all the separate people are just

[8:38] an illusion, and we're an illusion, but

[8:41] we enjoy being just one with everything

[8:43] with nobody home.

[8:45] That's not that's wrong. That is a

[8:47] mistake, but it is a mistake that many

[8:49] mystics make actually, according to

[8:51] Buddhist critique. That's the main

[8:52] thrust of what I'm going to talk about.

[8:54] So, he discovered the release of the

[8:56] relative self, that is, he couldn't find

[8:58] it.

[8:59] But then he didn't make this mistake of

[9:00] thinking that he had found nothing

[9:03] because he wasn't insane like scientific

[9:06] materialists are

[9:07] who think No, they think they found

[9:09] nothing after people die. They go to the

[9:12] corpse, and they put some electrodes on

[9:14] the corpse, and they say, "Oh, nothing's

[9:15] happening in the brain. So, they don't

[9:17] exist anymore.

[9:18] We found there we found them not being

[9:21] there."

[9:23] That's insane. Do you realize that? Do

[9:25] you realize that that's insane?

[9:27] If you think you find nothing, then

[9:30] you're cuckoo.

[9:32] You know? And do you expect a prize or

[9:35] an award or grant money

[9:37] for finding nothing?

[9:38] Finding nothing is a mistake. You just

[9:40] didn't find what you were looking for.

[9:42] It doesn't mean it isn't something isn't

[9:44] somewhere else.

[9:45] There is no nothing, so you can't find

[9:47] it. That's very important. Remember

[9:49] that.

[9:51] If you die expecting to become nothing,

[9:53] you're going to be in for a problem as

[9:55] Pascal understood.

[9:57] And but in case you are correct, you

[9:59] won't have to worry.

[10:01] You'll just be nothing. And you won't be

[10:03] upset if you try to learn to meditate

[10:05] and became mindful and try to deal with

[10:07] your-self and your life and acted as if

[10:09] everything your life had a consequence,

[10:11] even to yourself in a future existence.

[10:14] If you if in case it does,

[10:16] then you'll be happy you worked on that.

[10:18] In case it doesn't, you're not going to

[10:20] mind, you know, you're going to join

[10:22] Carl Sagan saying, "Isn't it great I'm

[10:23] nothing?"

[10:27] Okay, so so the key therefore is is the

[10:29] realization of non-duality makes

[10:31] compassion, universal compassion,

[10:34] meaning the un-bear-ability of others as

[10:37] well as your own. You put your

[10:38] compassion to yourself, but that makes

[10:40] that the absolute concern, using the

[10:42] word absolute in a relative way.

[10:46] Okay, using it for emphasis, like not in

[10:48] a technical way. Okay, what's that

[10:50] What's that?

[10:51] What happened?

[10:53] So this is Yeah, I'm going to skip Well,

[10:55] yeah, it's science-based Buddha's

[10:56] discovery.

[10:58] It's freed by wisdom knowledge, and

[10:59] wisdom doesn't mean it just some sort of

[11:02] resignation to the way things are, like,

[11:04] "Oh, I give up, so I'm wise, you know?"

[11:06] Sort of the old gray-beard type of

[11:08] wisdom. The symbol of wisdom of Buddhism

[11:09] is a 16-year-old kid who's

[11:11] orange-colored, holds a book in one hand

[11:13] and a sword of critical intelligence in

[11:15] the other hand. And the word prajna

[11:17] means something like super-intelligence.

[11:19] It doesn't mean And everyone has that.

[11:21] All human beings have that

[11:22] super-intelligence, whether it's been

[11:24] developed or not, they all have it,

[11:26] according to the Buddhists. That's one

[11:27] of the challenges.

[11:29] Which you never heard that from from

[11:31] either religious people in your car in

[11:33] our culture or scientific people. If any

[11:35] scientist says, "Eureka, I now

[11:37] understand everything."

[11:39] they will give him Prozac.

[11:41] At the minute at the least. If the

[11:43] religious people say, "Oh yeah, God

[11:44] understands, but you don't and you just

[11:46] believe what I tell what I tell you to

[11:48] believe." And so everyone tells you you

[11:50] can't understand. That's why I was not

[11:52] satisfied as a youth in my in this

[11:55] culture in this society and I wasn't

[11:57] satisfied until I encountered Nagarjuna

[11:59] and the Buddha who tell you that not

[12:01] only can you understand the you will do

[12:04] the world, yourself in the world, but

[12:06] you have to understand if you want to be

[12:08] happy. You cannot do it by just

[12:10] believing that everything is fine or

[12:12] will be fine or Buddha's fine or God's

[12:15] fine. That will be nice. It might make

[12:17] you feel good for a while,

[12:19] but it will not actually free you from

[12:21] suffering and that suffering can go on

[12:23] infinitely actually. Unfortunately,

[12:26] because there's no such thing as a

[12:28] energy process continuum becoming

[12:30] nothing. That is an incoherent idea that

[12:33] that can happen. It never happens. Law

[12:35] of conservation of energy, right? Even

[12:36] the materialists will agree with that.

[12:38] It's just they don't think consciousness

[12:40] has any energy and that of course is

[12:42] silly.

[12:43] That's being denied living in denial

[12:45] that they are there.

[12:46] You know, that they are conscious.

[12:49] You know, whoops that's something going

[12:50] on.

[12:51] I think. What do you think?

[12:53] If you're awake.

[12:55] Okay, anyway. So Buddha was Buddha's

[12:58] teaching is taught in this short thing

[13:00] in Sanskrit here. Ye dharma hetu

[13:02] prabhava hetun tesham tathagata hyavadat

[13:06] tesham chayo nirodha. That's a summary

[13:08] of his teaching which means of things

[13:11] that are produced by causes, what are

[13:13] the causes and how to terminate them,

[13:16] that is what the realized one declared.

[13:20] That's sort of a summary of the

[13:21] teaching. So Buddha celebrated for

[13:22] discovering causation.

[13:24] Not for talking to God and being given a

[13:26] role as a prophet and founder of

[13:28] religion, but discovering causation in

[13:30] the 6th century before the common era.

[13:32] And that was a big deal at that time

[13:34] because before that people thought the

[13:36] gods caused everything and the Brahmin

[13:38] priests ruled because you had to get

[13:40] them to make offerings to appease the

[13:42] gods in order to get well or be happy or

[13:45] be successful. Whereas once you have

[13:47] causation, then you have to look into

[13:49] the causes and conditions of your

[13:50] conditions of how you are and you have

[13:53] to try to critique the negative ones and

[13:56] reinforce the positive ones.

[13:58] So

[14:00] So therefore sunyata karuna garbham, the

[14:02] title of my talk, which means

[14:05] voidness or emptiness. I do prefer the

[14:07] word voidness, but I'm not wedded to it.

[14:09] You used the emptiness.

[14:11] Emptiness, the womb of compassion.

[14:13] sunyata karuna garbham. It's a phrase of

[14:16] Nagarjuna's, the great philosopher of

[14:19] the around the turn of the common uh the

[14:21] you know from before the common era to

[14:23] the common era. Um and the Buddhist

[14:26] think he lived 600 years actually, but

[14:29] Westerners of course oh that can't be.

[14:30] Those are silly Asian people. They think

[14:32] that can't happen. We know that that

[14:34] can't happen even though we don't know

[14:35] anything.

[14:38] And uh

[14:40] supposedly and uh that was his phrase

[14:42] and it's such a beautiful phrase. I I

[14:44] love it. His Holiness the Dalai Lama

[14:46] loves it. It's it's the nature of the

[14:48] Kalachakra form of Buddha that they talk

[14:50] about.

[14:51] And it's the idea of emptiness, you

[14:53] know, you think that emptiness we tend

[14:55] to think I think a lot of Western

[14:57] Buddhists and even Asian Buddhists in

[14:59] the past thought that emptiness was

[15:01] something like nothingness. It was like

[15:03] a blank space, a void. And maybe that's

[15:06] the problem with the word voidness that

[15:07] I do like. But

[15:09] but emptiness is not a void. This is

[15:12] emptiness, you know, emptiness is form

[15:14] which is mistranslated. Emptiness is

[15:16] matter.

[15:17] Matter is emptiness. That's the famous

[15:19] formula. So emptiness just means that

[15:22] relative things have no non-relational

[15:25] essence. No, what they call intrinsic

[15:28] reality, intrinsic objectivity,

[15:30] intrinsic identity. No person has that,

[15:33] no thing has that. The their emptiness

[15:36] of that assures total relativity. Buddha

[15:39] is the discoverer, as a scientist, of

[15:42] the total interrelatedness of all things

[15:44] in the universe, of total relativity.

[15:46] And emptiness in a way is a critique of

[15:48] the concept of a separate absolute,

[15:51] which human beings have because the

[15:53] psychosis of the un-enlightened person

[15:55] is thinking that my essence is something

[15:57] separate from everything else. I have

[15:59] this inviolate soul that no nothing

[16:01] touches, never changes. And and so the

[16:05] the role of the mystic is to withdraw

[16:06] from all this bothersome

[16:07] interrelationships. And it's a very male

[16:10] thing, by the way. In ancient India

[16:12] Indian dualism, the purusha, the word

[16:14] purusha, which meant the spirit,

[16:17] was male. It also means a male. And

[16:20] Maya, illusory relativity, is female.

[16:24] And so the whole idea is for the male to

[16:26] get away from the kitchen.

[16:30] The male Brahmin and to get away from

[16:32] birth and get away from connectedness.

[16:35] And in that concept, see if Buddha was

[16:37] the discoverer of relativity, and if

[16:39] enlightenment is a complete immersion in

[16:41] relativity, and an awareness of your

[16:43] complete interconnection forever with

[16:45] everyone,

[16:46] then the female is more enlightened than

[16:48] the male. Very sorry, guys. You know?

[16:51] And if you don't believe that, if you

[16:53] think you're more enlightened, then just

[16:55] think do a thought experiment. You're

[16:58] just going along one day, you just had

[17:00] some fun, you got kind of wild on

[17:01] Saturday night, and then suddenly you

[17:04] note there's a new being, total

[17:07] stranger. You don't know where it came

[17:09] from,

[17:09] in your stomach.

[17:11] And it's there like

[17:13] clonched onto your the the lining of

[17:16] your womb like the the alien

[17:20] and it's going to get bigger and bigger

[17:22] and start kicking and then you're going

[17:24] to give it free pay free space, no rent.

[17:28] Condominium.

[17:30] And then you got to get it out of there

[17:31] which is like your husband will faint.

[17:34] And and you have to do that and then,

[17:37] you know, you don't sleep for another

[17:39] year or two.

[17:41] And then then the 13 years old they tell

[17:44] you it's my life, you don't bother me.

[17:46] And

[17:47] and then you have to pay tuition

[17:50] quarter of a million dollars to get to

[17:52] Stanford.

[17:54] So,

[17:55] which which guy

[17:58] which guy is going to do that? Which

[18:00] male guy is going to do that? Excuse me.

[18:03] Are you going to tell me in my

[18:04] No way. So, so the women are way ahead.

[18:08] I But in California it's fairly safe to

[18:10] say that. In New York you're really in

[18:12] trouble.

[18:13] Wall Street, they'll kill you.

[18:15] So, anyway, shunyata

[18:18] garbha. So, emptiness is not a null

[18:20] state at all. Emptiness just means that

[18:23] everything is totally interwoven. So,

[18:25] therefore the concept there is that it

[18:27] is a womb, a membrane, a nurturing

[18:29] membrane. Reality, the deepest absolute

[18:32] reality is a nurturing membrane and what

[18:34] it nurtures is compassion which is

[18:36] actually love, of course. Love is

[18:38] defined in the Buddhist sciences and

[18:40] psychology as the wish for the beloved's

[18:43] happiness. That's pure love is like

[18:45] that. And compassion is the

[18:47] unbearability of the beloved's

[18:50] suffering. So, the two are you know,

[18:51] take the suffering away, provide the

[18:53] other one with happiness. That's love

[18:55] and compassion. That's their that's

[18:56] their partnership in the in psychology

[18:58] as as concepts, you know.

[19:00] So, illusory relative reality is So,

[19:02] deep reality So, as a scientific thing,

[19:05] the the discovery of emptiness and

[19:07] relativism is that deep reality is

[19:09] beyond conceptual capture which I

[19:11] believe was the the main meat of the

[19:14] Copenhagen interpretation a hundred

[19:16] almost a hundred years ago, which people

[19:18] have been in denial about scientific

[19:19] materialists have been denial about ever

[19:21] since mostly. Deep and illusory relative

[19:24] reality is open to hypothesis. It's

[19:26] explorable by experience or experiment

[19:29] and the experience of a yogi or yogini

[19:31] is an experiment. And the result when

[19:33] you merge with the nature of reality,

[19:35] which you can't capture with a concept,

[19:37] but you can capture an experience, then

[19:39] you can report the result of your

[19:41] experiment. And your result is luckily

[19:44] Buddha's experiment, which has been

[19:46] repeated many times by millions of

[19:48] people, is that reality is okay. It's

[19:51] cool. It's bliss. It's fine. And we are

[19:54] surrounded by an envelope of blissful

[19:56] infinite energy that we can draw on

[19:58] completely to satisfy everything and

[20:00] everybody if we only knew about it.

[20:03] The problem is we don't know about it

[20:05] and we think we're just us inside our

[20:07] skin. Everybody else is out there and

[20:10] occasionally someone likes me, so then

[20:12] I'm cool. But mostly I'm in a struggle

[20:14] with all of them.

[20:16] And then when two people are in love,

[20:17] that's why we all get jealous because

[20:19] they're they're reinforcing each other's

[20:21] insanity. Each one looks at the other

[20:23] one and says, "You're the one, dear."

[20:25] And then the other one says, "Oh, no,

[20:26] you're the one." And then they like they

[20:28] spiral out of control.

[20:31] And then everybody else wants to

[20:32] assassinate them, Romeo and Juliet,

[20:35] because they're like everyone else is

[20:37] like, "What do you mean I'm the one, not

[20:39] them?" You know? So So that's that's

[20:43] where reality seems awful because you

[20:45] never get satisfied. There's no

[20:46] satisfaction.

[20:47] But when when when when you're living in

[20:50] love, when you just want the happiness

[20:52] of all beings, so Buddha is just the

[20:54] person in love with everybody.

[20:56] A Buddha is a being who has fallen in

[20:57] love with the entire even cockroaches

[21:00] and spiders and mosquitoes, totally in

[21:02] love with them all, money only wants

[21:04] their happiness and therefore is totally

[21:07] an engine of bliss, an ocean of bliss,

[21:09] that's all.

[21:10] So, anyway, but these are scientific

[21:12] things. Experience is superior to

[21:14] inference or belief or any conceptual

[21:16] structure. The mind's subtle as subtle

[21:18] energy, super subtle energy is more

[21:20] powerful than coarse matter, and wisdom

[21:22] potential is unlimited and deathless,

[21:25] and aware therefore of everything

[21:26] changing. Now, now this is really what

[21:29] Okay. Yeah, so then non-duality

[21:31] discovered in I hope I didn't skip like

[21:33] 10 things. Yeah, I didn't, good. Okay,

[21:36] non-duality is a scientific discovery

[21:38] whether by a Buddhist or a Vedist or a

[21:40] Hindu, and I make those as three

[21:42] different things. People go Vedic

[21:43] Hinduism, but actually Vedism is quite

[21:46] different from Hinduism. Hinduism is

[21:48] really a combination of Vedism and

[21:50] Shramanism.

[21:51] But that I don't want to go into that at

[21:52] length, but that because, you know, the

[21:54] some of the lot of the non-dual people

[21:55] here are Vedantic oriented, which is

[21:57] great.

[21:58] But I do have some We do have a little

[22:00] discussion about that, which I'll

[22:01] explain. Anyway, it is experienced,

[22:04] which is a result of experiment, guided

[22:07] by critical theory, interpreted by

[22:09] critical reason. And Buddha was a an

[22:11] adept of samadhi, dhyana, and samapatti,

[22:13] three different types of trance. I I

[22:16] translate it trance as samapatti, dhyana

[22:18] as contemplation, and samadhi as

[22:20] concentration, which is, you know, there

[22:22] are different ways you can translate

[22:24] them all as meditation, but that's kind

[22:25] of meaningless in a way, then it becomes

[22:27] meaningless. The word that is usually

[22:29] translated meditation, bhavana, actually

[22:32] really means realization because it's

[22:34] from the verb to be, so bhavana means to

[22:36] make something exist, to create

[22:38] something. It doesn't just mean sit and

[22:40] think about something, bhavana. But the

[22:43] dhyana is a little bit thinking about

[22:44] something. Anyway, he ranged up and down

[22:46] in and out of the body, ultimately

[22:48] returning to his body.

[22:50] And um now there's this thing here. He

[22:53] left a cosmology, the Buddha did, of

[22:56] what he calls the tri-universe,

[23:00] the tridhatuka lokadhatu for those of

[23:02] you who know Sanskrit.

[23:03] And and this became a general generic

[23:05] layout in the Indic world in all the

[23:08] Jainism and and the Hinduism

[23:11] eventually, but he did this from his

[23:13] experience. And with the world that we

[23:16] are in is if you look at the Oh, I don't

[23:18] have that here anyway. These are the

[23:20] eight states of the meditation

[23:24] achievement or contemplation achievement

[23:27] that he left, you know, sort of as a as

[23:30] a phenomenology of altered states, you

[23:32] could say. And the first four of them

[23:34] are called the Brahma Viharas, the

[23:36] divine abodes, the god godly abodes,

[23:39] Brahma abodes.

[23:40] And they are or they're also called the

[23:43] four immeasurable states. And the first

[23:46] one is love, second one compa- maitri,

[23:49] if you go to the bottom.

[23:50] First one is maitri, which means love.

[23:53] Second is loving kindness, they say,

[23:55] which is a word that got into Buddhist

[23:57] translations because the Buddhists

[23:59] didn't want to use the word love because

[24:00] Christian missionaries in Asia used the

[24:02] word love and then they killed you.

[24:05] If you weren't Christian. So, they did

[24:07] they wanted to avoid that, so they put

[24:08] in kindness in there, loving kindness.

[24:11] But it's just love.

[24:12] Wishing happiness of the beloved. And

[24:15] then karuna is compassion,

[24:17] wishing them not to suffer. Pramudita is

[24:19] joy, which means appreciating the bliss

[24:22] and happiness that every being already

[24:23] has. And there is there are the Buddha's

[24:26] vision in that nirvanic vision that he

[24:28] had is that actually we all are

[24:30] blissful. Everyone. Even you're

[24:32] miserable this morning, you have a

[24:33] headache, you did too much non-duality

[24:35] last night, and you're feeling tired,

[24:37] and you'd rather be taking a nap, but

[24:39] the reason that your body is holding

[24:41] together and the atoms even of your

[24:42] chair from Buddha's point of view is

[24:44] that the energy of love and bliss is in

[24:46] your atoms. The strong force of the

[24:49] universe, you can bet the physicists

[24:50] don't know what it is because it's

[24:52] described with an Anglo-Saxon word, not

[24:54] a Greek word. If they had knew what it

[24:56] was, it would have a Greek word, not it

[24:58] wouldn't say strong. Strong and weak

[25:00] mean they haven't quite figured it out

[25:01] yet.

[25:02] And the strong force from Buddha's point

[25:04] of view is this infinite energy of the

[25:06] clear light of the void, the clear light

[25:08] of emptiness, which is a concept I'm

[25:10] coming to. Anyway, so those are four

[25:13] immeasurable states, and that is

[25:15] constitutes something that is called Let

[25:17] me Let me switch to the next one.

[25:20] Uh that constitutes what is called the

[25:22] pure matter realm, which in Buddhist

[25:24] translations they call the form realm,

[25:26] which is a translation mistake. Form

[25:28] being the visual object, but the matter

[25:31] is some things you can't see are still

[25:32] material. And that And then the In that

[25:35] context it mean That's what it means. It

[25:36] doesn't mean just the visual object.

[25:38] Which is only This is the same word in

[25:40] Sanskrit, rupa, but that's because the

[25:42] most sort of noticeable physical objects

[25:44] are visible ones, but there are

[25:46] non-visible ones. So material is a

[25:48] better word. And the realm of pure

[25:49] matter, there are This is the four of

[25:51] them called the realm which is above

[25:53] where we are, which is called the desire

[25:55] realm, which I list on the side of this

[25:57] side. They have There are six heavens of

[25:59] the desire realm, which are what we

[26:01] think of as heavens, some really

[26:02] pleasurable place. And then titans,

[26:04] humans, animal, pretas, and naraka, very

[26:07] bad suffering forms of life. And that's

[26:11] where we are at the moment on the human

[26:13] plane. And then this is the realm of

[26:15] pure matter you can reach with those

[26:16] four dhyanas, as they're called, four

[26:18] contemplations. And these dhyanas are

[26:20] connected to extreme where you withdraw

[26:23] from normal sense connections, and you

[26:26] go into just a pure feeling of love. And

[26:29] you that love becomes the basis of that

[26:31] realm of pure matter. And you Since

[26:33] you're willing the love of all, you're

[26:35] connecting to that energy that that is

[26:37] available to all as a will as a to make

[26:39] their happiness possible. And therefore

[26:42] you're It's called the immeasurable

[26:43] love. And compassion is there where it

[26:45] begins to enfold beings who themselves

[26:47] are thinking, "I'm not happy." And

[26:49] that's where compassion wants to help

[26:51] them feel that they are happy. And then

[26:52] pramudita is to enjoy the fact that they

[26:54] are actually already happy, which at a

[26:57] subliminal level there's a joyfulness in

[26:59] their cells, which actually is their

[27:00] health, which actually is their energy

[27:03] of life. And then finally upeksha, which

[27:05] is where you're equal to all beings in

[27:07] in those earlier three feelings, which

[27:09] are connected all together. And then the

[27:12] top of that, the boundary between the

[27:13] realm of pure matter and the immaterial

[27:16] realms, these four, is where you know,

[27:20] matter become mass becomes infinite.

[27:22] It's like the speed of light for

[27:23] Einstein, which he thought was the limit

[27:25] of all things cuz he was a materialist,

[27:27] trying to be a materialist. But

[27:28] meanwhile, beyond that there are four

[27:30] realms that are considered purely mental

[27:32] or immaterial, although there's a very

[27:34] very subtle form of energy always where

[27:36] there's mind. And therefore, in a way

[27:38] they're not purely immaterial, but

[27:40] they're called immaterial or formless

[27:41] realm. And these are very interesting

[27:43] states. The first one is a state of and

[27:46] these are called trance states. And the

[27:48] body of a yogi who reaches this or

[27:50] yogini who reaches this goes into what

[27:52] you might call cataleptic trance, where

[27:54] it just, you know, there's like

[27:55] hibernation state cuz the mind is

[27:57] completely gets abstracted from being

[27:59] connected with the body in these states.

[28:01] And one is called a state of infinite

[28:03] space or the medium of infinite space

[28:05] cuz it's not a realm or a state cuz it's

[28:07] not there's no physicality about it, no

[28:09] overt physicality about it. The next

[28:11] second one is the realm of infinite

[28:13] consciousness. The third one, the realm

[28:15] of nothingness,

[28:17] which is of course not nothing, it's a

[28:19] realm that or a it's a medium, a place

[28:22] where the mind goes like a dark realm

[28:25] for rest. And a place where even there's

[28:27] no consciousness of being in the place,

[28:29] where one goes into it in a way of

[28:32] feeling it's more subtle than being

[28:34] infinite consciousness, which is kind of

[28:35] tiresome, nothing to be it's boring,

[28:37] nothing to be conscious of, you're just

[28:39] infinite consciousness. And then you

[28:40] become this you kind of go to sleep in

[28:43] the third realm as a as a pleasant

[28:45] thing. And then there's one beyond that,

[28:47] the fourth realm, which is neither

[28:49] conscious or unconscious, where sleep

[28:51] and wake are together and almost like an

[28:52] enlightened state, but not an

[28:54] enlightened state from Buddha's point of

[28:56] view because you are separated from

[28:58] everything, all the differentiated

[29:00] things in the universe. And once you're

[29:02] separated, once it's it seems to be an

[29:04] absolute to the yogi who who experiences

[29:06] it, but once they're separate from

[29:07] everything else, of course, it isn't.

[29:09] It's a relative state. It's achieved

[29:11] causally, therefore it's a made and

[29:12] created state, and that being moved into

[29:15] it from another through a series of

[29:17] causes and conditions of their yogic

[29:19] practice and discipline. And therefore,

[29:21] it's it only it tricks someone who is

[29:24] expecting an absolute state apart from

[29:26] the universe, which actually from

[29:28] Buddha's point of view, psychological

[29:29] point of view, is a projection of the

[29:31] psychosis of thinking that my real self

[29:34] is something disconnected from me.

[29:37] It's an absolute that is not affected by

[29:39] my relativity, and then I think through

[29:41] that meditation I've reached that

[29:42] absolute, and that's my absolute self,

[29:44] and it's me and me. And then I'll say,

[29:46] just for the hell of it, I'll include

[29:47] God in it.

[29:49] But it's me and God and nobody else.

[29:52] And therefore, it's a basically from

[29:53] Buddha's point of view, a psychotic

[29:54] state, actually, even though it's a

[29:56] mystic. 10 minutes, thank you. I know

[29:57] that I'm As you hear, I'm talking like a

[29:59] New Yorker.

[30:00] Okay?

[30:01] Fast.

[30:02] So now now in the Book of the Dead, I'm

[30:04] connect Now I'm sharing with you

[30:06] something I've never really shared at

[30:08] length with my academic colleagues, and

[30:10] I think it's something I have to claim,

[30:11] it's a kind of unique insight. In the

[30:13] Book of the Dead, you turn this upside

[30:15] down,

[30:16] and the process of dissolution in the

[30:18] death state, or when you faint, or when

[30:21] you fall asleep at night, even, but you

[30:24] don't you're not conscious of it because

[30:25] we're not attuned to the finer shifts in

[30:28] our consciousness, really, cuz we're

[30:29] always involved in sense stimuli and in

[30:32] in our sense consciousnesses. But if you

[30:34] develop a greater mindfulness,

[30:36] mindfulness moving in the direction of

[30:37] being aware of how the inner inner

[30:38] mechanism of mind works, you to to this

[30:40] one. And so, first is called the earth

[30:43] to water and when you first and when

[30:46] you're dying and then earth to water

[30:48] transition is where you see like the

[30:51] world is like a mirage, like a

[30:53] hallucination. You can't recognize

[30:55] anything. Your language, your speech

[30:56] things stops. Your feeling of solidity

[30:58] in your body stops. Your body sort of

[31:00] goes to starts going to sleep. You know,

[31:02] not just your arm because you're sitting

[31:04] or your leg because you're sitting in an

[31:05] odd posture. Your whole body starts to

[31:07] go to sleep. It becomes numb. Then water

[31:09] to fire is

[31:11] inner sign of that is a kind of

[31:12] hallucinatory state. Then water to fire,

[31:15] the inner sign of that transition is

[31:17] where you see like everything feels like

[31:19] a smoke. You're surrounded by smokiness

[31:21] and there's kind of a heat feeling. Then

[31:23] fire to wind and it's not air because

[31:26] wind means movement actually. So, it has

[31:28] to there's energy movement. It's not the

[31:30] stillness. Air can be still. So, you

[31:32] shouldn't translate it as air. Fire to

[31:33] wind is where you see sparks.

[31:36] And then you have or even they say

[31:37] fireflies, a swarm of fireflies. Like

[31:40] little green things going like that and

[31:41] getting cooler. The heat dissipates and

[31:43] cooler. And then you have wind to space

[31:46] or consciousness where you kind of go

[31:48] into a you lose a sense of your

[31:50] differentiated sense organism and you go

[31:53] into just feeling you go into space

[31:55] which you fear. When you die, you feel

[31:56] you're losing consciousness. But you

[31:58] haven't lost consciousness. You just

[31:59] feel that you're a spacious entity. And

[32:02] then consciousness to luminance I call

[32:04] luminance which is where you're as if

[32:06] the inner sign of which is that

[32:09] you feel that space that space is like a

[32:12] white moonlight.

[32:14] Like a pure moonlit space sky.

[32:17] With scientists named sky that's so far

[32:19] out. A moonlit sky

[32:21] and there's no moon. It's just

[32:23] everything is this white light and I

[32:24] call it luminance. And then where

[32:26] luminance goes into radiance, the next

[32:28] stage it's like it becomes more solar

[32:30] where your mind like it heats up and

[32:32] becomes like orange red, like a sunshine

[32:35] and very brilliant and you you are that

[32:37] brilliant. It's not like you're there

[32:39] being dazzled by cuz you don't have

[32:40] ordinary senses, you're not in your

[32:41] body, in your ordinary body, and it's

[32:43] this brilliant redness, and then that's

[32:46] too much for you, kind of, and you want

[32:47] to you go into imminence, which means

[32:50] threshold kind of thing where that's

[32:52] that's like darkness. It's like a

[32:54] brilliant blackness. And then, the final

[32:57] stage where imminence goes to what is

[32:58] called clear light, or although actually

[33:01] clear light is not a light, it's a

[33:03] brilliant thing where everything is

[33:05] transparent, and everything illuminates

[33:07] itself, and there's no shadow, and in a

[33:09] way it's beyond the duality of light and

[33:11] dark, actually, although it's called by

[33:13] people's habit clear light, the proper

[33:15] translation really should be

[33:16] transparency.

[33:18] And it's actually a gray type of light.

[33:20] I wore a gray shirt in honor of it.

[33:23] Because the mix mix of black and white

[33:25] is gray, right? Kind of luminous gray,

[33:28] but not really luminous cuz no shadow.

[33:30] So, it's a it's a diamond, sometimes

[33:32] they compare it to a diamond, a diamond

[33:34] light. A diamond doesn't is just

[33:36] transparent, like glass, you know? So,

[33:38] glass would also be a good thing. So,

[33:39] these are the stages of

[33:41] stages or the type of These are the

[33:43] stages of the death dissolution that

[33:46] everybody does every time they die, and

[33:48] actually they say every time we withdraw

[33:50] from our sense consciousnesses, we go

[33:52] through that state. Okay? Now, next one,

[33:55] I'm showing you this. You turn that

[33:57] upside down, that that set of

[33:59] transitions and those inner signs,

[34:01] and you connect it to these eight

[34:03] meditative states of the yogi.

[34:05] And what you see is that

[34:07] the yogi coming from the desire realm

[34:10] below the my tree, below the love, you

[34:13] know, where you're just in your sense

[34:14] your coarse body mind with your sense

[34:16] organs and so forth, and you go into

[34:18] boundless love, balance compassion, joy,

[34:20] and equapoise, and this connects to the

[34:23] earth to water, water to fire, fire to

[34:25] wind, wind to space, and then the

[34:28] boundary line is where mass becomes

[34:29] infinite, and only mind can go where,

[34:32] you know, it's pure light, you could

[34:34] say. And then you go to space to That

[34:37] parallels the dissolution process of

[34:38] space to illuminance.

[34:40] Then, when you're in this vast space,

[34:42] you're not a body floating in it, you

[34:44] are that vast space, and it's a really

[34:46] It's like a solid as being in this room

[34:48] to you at the time as a yogin, and it

[34:50] feels like a big relief because you're

[34:52] away from being bothered by any kind of

[34:54] unpleasant relation racial

[34:55] relationality.

[34:57] And then your mind wants to spread

[34:58] through it, kind of explodes in that

[35:00] situation. Your unconsciousness does,

[35:02] and then it fills it with consciousness,

[35:04] and it becomes radiance, like the sun.

[35:07] Your consciousness is like a sun, and so

[35:09] that corresponds to this vijnana

[35:11] ayatana, the infinite consciousness

[35:13] realm or medium. And then finally that

[35:17] gets boring and too bright, and you go

[35:19] into darkness, which is the same the

[35:21] same as that. And then finally the

[35:23] fourth state, which in some forms of

[35:26] Hinduism they think is enlightenment,

[35:27] and in some forms of dualistic Buddhism,

[35:29] Theravada Buddhism, where they teach

[35:31] that nirvana is somewhere beyond the

[35:32] world, not the world, and the world is

[35:35] sucks. They teach the usual thing that

[35:36] the world sucks and there's a nirvana

[35:38] somewhere else,

[35:39] which which non-dual Buddhism rejects

[35:41] that as a naive like lack of thinking

[35:44] and lack of understanding, critical lack

[35:46] of critical insight. And um uh and

[35:49] Buddha carefully doesn't tell And

[35:51] actually by giving this phenomenology,

[35:53] Buddha told those even those dualistic

[35:55] monks, cuz this is in Pali Buddhism, he

[35:58] said, "When you get those states of

[35:59] abstraction that you think it's kind of

[36:01] the brink of nirvana you're going to

[36:02] disappear into because your

[36:04] self-centeredness wants to disappear

[36:06] because you associate being related to

[36:08] things as leading to suffering."

[36:10] So, when you do that, you're really

[36:11] that's not nirvana. He says Those four

[36:14] states are not nirvana. He says that,

[36:16] but he doesn't really push it into

[36:17] non-duality. But in a way that is

[36:19] pushing it to non-duality. And there are

[36:21] many hints in the Theravada Buddhism

[36:23] about that.

[36:24] So, this this connection nobody normally

[36:26] thinks of, but what's beautiful about it

[36:28] is it means

[36:29] that the enlightened mind is accessible

[36:32] to everyone. And every time we have

[36:34] died, and from the Buddha's point of

[36:36] view, we have all died innumerable

[36:37] times, is one reason we're scared of

[36:39] dying, is not we you know I mean we are

[36:42] until we're in terrible pain. Then we we

[36:44] call Jack Kevorkian. But but if we are

[36:47] foolish enough as a materialist to think

[36:49] that we'll just automatically be

[36:51] anesthetized in nothingness. Uh if we

[36:54] have that irrational view, that blind

[36:55] faith view that can never have evidence

[36:58] for it, by the way. Never. Ever. There's

[37:00] no evidence for that. No, Carl Sagan has

[37:03] not reported back that he doesn't exist.

[37:06] And no and never will. No one who No one

[37:08] ever will. They do report back

[37:10] occasionally and documented in many

[37:12] anecdotal cases of people reporting back

[37:15] after they're dead and they say

[37:17] I'm I'm here. Feed my cat, you know. We

[37:19] have We have all of these guys in the in

[37:22] the in the TV. They're doing that.

[37:24] They're channeling those people. And of

[37:26] course the materialist thinks it's all

[37:27] fake, but of course it isn't cuz they

[37:29] know where the cat food is kept.

[37:32] They tell the people.

[37:34] So

[37:36] So anyway, my point is this is this is

[37:38] very important. Means that every time we

[37:40] die, even every time we fall asleep, we

[37:42] skid past enlightened consciousness.

[37:45] Because death is defined as when you

[37:46] reach the clear light state. And the

[37:48] clear light state or the transparency

[37:50] state is completely inconceivable,

[37:52] inexpressible, and all this, but it is

[37:54] experienceable. But it's so subtle that

[37:57] normally we don't experience it. I know

[37:58] I've got to quickly go cuz we're almost

[37:59] done. Now um now

[38:02] if you align the the tantric yogis, the

[38:04] psychonauts, Stan Grof, where is he? I

[38:06] love Stan Grof. He invented that word

[38:08] psychonaut, which I like, like

[38:10] astronaut. But the Buddhist inner

[38:12] scientist is a psychonaut that at the

[38:14] advanced level right He doesn't go into

[38:16] outer space, goes into inner space like

[38:17] an astronaut, but it's a psychonaut.

[38:19] Anyway, coarse body mind, which we're in

[38:22] now, most of us,

[38:23] uh I mean, we're paying attention to,

[38:25] rather. We're in all three all the time,

[38:26] but we're paying attention to that. Is

[38:29] is defined as it it dissolves in these

[38:32] four steps of dissolution, as you see on

[38:34] the right.

[38:35] Then there's something called subtle

[38:36] body mind, and that's consists The body

[38:39] consists of channels, winds, and drops.

[38:41] You know,

[38:42] uh nadi, vayu, and bindu in Sanskrit.

[38:45] And which is that inner chakra system,

[38:47] the neurology. It's actually a kind of

[38:48] neurological system that is the subtle

[38:51] body. And the subtle mind going with

[38:53] that is a mind that is pure luminance,

[38:55] radiance, and imminence. It's a mind of

[38:57] just pure those pure three light light

[38:59] states, light realms. And um

[39:02] and uh which corresponds to those stages

[39:04] of dissolution. And then the super

[39:06] subtle body mind is where body and mind

[39:08] are no different, actually. And Dalai

[39:11] Lama doesn't like to tell this to

[39:12] scientific materialists that he

[39:13] dialogues with, cuz he thinks they'll

[39:15] triumphantly say, "Aha, mind is matter."

[39:18] And it is, actually. At the super subtle

[39:20] level, there's no difference. But the

[39:23] thing that he's he's not relying on them

[39:25] understanding is that also matter is

[39:26] mind.

[39:28] There's no difference between matter and

[39:29] mind. So therefore, reductionism to

[39:31] matter can work and be useful for some

[39:33] context, as long as it doesn't become a

[39:35] fanatical dogma, as it has become in our

[39:37] culture. And And but also, matter can be

[39:41] mind, and the subtle mind, the power of

[39:43] the subtle mind, is actually supreme. So

[39:46] So that is a main point I wanted to

[39:48] make. And then finally, to talk about

[39:50] karma, I have I have another at least

[39:52] hour to talk, but I don't. So final

[39:54] point I want to make as before I stop,

[39:56] which will be soon, I'm sure. Is it

[39:58] already? Okay, 1 minute. 1 minute. So

[40:01] the final point I want to make is that

[40:03] this is very, very key, and this is a

[40:05] difference between the Buddhist

[40:07] non-duality and Veda's Hindu

[40:09] non-duality. And this is why later

[40:12] Vedantic

[40:13] uh philosophers in India rejected

[40:15] Shankara's theories,

[40:17] the greatest of the non-dualists in the

[40:19] Hindu side, because they said he was a

[40:21] crypto-Buddhist.

[40:24] He was a sneaking Buddhism in on them.

[40:26] And what they meant by that was that

[40:27] Buddhism does not believe in the

[40:30] absoluteness of the caste system, of the

[40:32] Brahmin versus the the low-caste person.

[40:35] Buddhism believes all beings are equal.

[40:37] Everyone has a chance to be enlightened

[40:39] and so forth. Everyone actually is

[40:40] enlightened every time they drop dead.

[40:42] They have a split second of

[40:43] enlightenment, but they haven't trained

[40:44] themselves to catch and to be conscious

[40:47] of the reality from the super subtle

[40:49] level and thereby be able to really feel

[40:52] that bliss at all times and be able to

[40:54] share that bliss with other beings. So,

[40:57] so the difference there is that the

[40:58] Buddhist and Shankara's radical Nirguna

[41:01] Brahman idea, unqualified Brahman idea,

[41:03] is that all relational things are only

[41:07] relational and there's no absolute caste

[41:10] system, there's no absolute personal

[41:12] God, there's no absolute creator and so

[41:14] forth. That those are all projected

[41:16] concepts and the absolute is

[41:18] inexpressible and transcendent of all of

[41:21] that and that leaves that leaves the

[41:23] Nirguna Brahman to be similar to

[41:25] emptiness. That's why he was rejected by

[41:28] most of the what they call qualified

[41:30] non-dualists and even they reached but

[41:32] with Madhva in the 14th 15th century,

[41:34] they reached what they call dualistic

[41:35] non-dualism, which I which is really

[41:38] cool. As a way of keeping their Brahman,

[41:40] you know, superiority in their minds and

[41:43] the absoluteness of that. And then they

[41:45] have for the absoluteness of their own

[41:46] absolute self that they think is

[41:48] absolute, you know. And so that's an

[41:50] important psychological difference and

[41:52] there are versions of the Hindu one that

[41:54] are like the Buddhist one and there are

[41:55] versions of the Buddhist one from the

[41:57] non-dualist Theravada traditions, a type

[42:00] traditions, that are like the like the

[42:02] Hindu one where they want to keep some

[42:04] sort of absolute absolute. They want to

[42:06] have an absolute absolute to get into to

[42:08] get away from everything, which is the

[42:10] last bastion of the psychotic

[42:11] self-separated absolute self. So, so So,

[42:15] so therefore, don't be trapped. If

[42:18] you're a good yogi or yogini and you get

[42:20] into a samadhi and you withdraw from the

[42:22] sense organs and you're zipping away

[42:23] there and you zip up through the eight

[42:25] states and you're up there and you're in

[42:27] the fourth state and you're in both

[42:28] awake and asleep at the same time and

[42:30] you're totally cool, don't think that's

[42:32] the absolute state. That is a kind of

[42:35] That itself is also empty, that state.

[42:38] And it by being empty, it's a relational

[42:40] state. So, you can't be there forever.

[42:42] It has causes. The The absolute, as

[42:44] Buddha described, is uncreated. And

[42:47] finally, I'll leave you with that, which

[42:48] means that we're in nirvana now. You're

[42:51] right now in nirvana. Not only when

[42:53] you're at the non-dualist conference,

[42:54] even when you go home.

[42:56] You're in nirvana and you've always been

[42:58] there. And when you finally strip away

[43:00] the misknowing, the misunderstanding

[43:03] that you're not in nirvana and you're

[43:04] struggling to get somewhere and deal

[43:06] with like Calvin and hell and Luther and

[43:08] God and and and nothingness and a

[43:11] reified nothingness, when you're dealing

[43:13] with that, you're still in nirvana. When

[43:15] you understand that you're in nirvana,

[43:16] you realize you were always in nirvana.

[43:18] And that's how I control myself for

[43:20] being unenlightened, by the way, when

[43:21] people ask me after 50 years of study.

[43:24] Because actually, although I am not

[43:27] enlightened and I never would dare claim

[43:28] it, my wife would throw me out of the

[43:30] house

[43:31] if I did. Uh

[43:33] when I do get enlightened, which I will

[43:35] definitely in some future life, I will

[43:37] revise my experience of being here with

[43:39] you a little bit over my time and I'll

[43:42] realize that I was already in

[43:43] enlightenment now and I will

[43:45] re-experience this moment with you all

[43:48] retroactively as nirvanic bliss. Okay?

[43:51] With all of you in. Okay, bye.

[43:54] Thank you. Thank you very much.

[43:57] Okay? How about that? Peace. Peace.

[43:59] Peace.

[44:15] Mhm.

RT
AuthorRobert Thurman

Watch more from Robert Thurman on YouTube.

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Emptiness-buddhismCompassion-interdependenceConsciousness-scienceNon-dualityNagarjuna

Got Questions?

Frequently Asked Questions

According to Thurman, Buddhism should be understood primarily as science—a systematic investigation into the nature of reality conducted by Buddha as a researcher. Buddha's key discovery was that the true nature of reality is bliss, not suffering, and he encouraged followers to test his teachings critically rather than believe on authority. The methodology is empirical and logical, differing from materialist science mainly in its rigorous use of internal observation alongside reason.
Emptiness (śūnyatā) does not mean nothingness. It means the absence of independent, inherent, absolutely separate existence. Everything exists only in relation to everything else through causes and conditions. Emptiness is the recognition that no being or thing exists as an isolated absolute entity; all are interdependent parts of a unified, interconnected whole—what Thurman calls a 'nurturing membrane.'
Once you genuinely understand that all beings are interdependent and that the boundary between self and other is not ultimately real, compassion becomes inevitable rather than forced. You recognize that others' suffering directly affects your well-being and that you are fundamentally interconnected with them. This understanding naturally generates the desire to relieve suffering in all beings, making compassion a realistic response to reality rather than a moral obligation.
Thurman describes this as a fundamental illusion conditioned by culture and ego. Each person secretly believes they are 'the one'—the absolute protagonist to whom everyone else is subsidiary. This exaggerated sense of separate, absolute selfhood creates suffering because it puts you in perpetual conflict with a world perceived as threatening your central position. The solution is not to deny existence but to recognize you are 'one of the ones,' equally real as all others.
Materialists sometimes conclude that consciousness is merely a byproduct of the physical brain and ends at death. Buddhists reason that if consciousness exists and arises from causes and conditions, those causes and conditions must predate the physical body and persist after it. This leads Buddhists to understand rebirth and continuity of consciousness across lives—a conclusion reached through critical reason and observation, not faith.
Thurman suggests that bliss—nirvana—is the true nature of reality and is potentially accessible to anyone who corrects their understanding of selfhood and interdependence. However, societies and institutions have historically discouraged this recognition because they fear happy people will not work as hard. Enlightenment involves both recognizing interconnection and releasing the illusion of absolute separate selfhood, which frees you to access the bliss that is always available.
In the Medicine Buddha visualization, understanding emptiness allows practitioners to see everything in the universe as medicine rather than as threat or poison. This is not denial but recognition that nothing has an inherent, independent poisonous nature; everything is empty of such nature and can become beneficial if approached with knowledge and compassion. This shift in perception itself becomes healing, as it changes the fundamental relationship between self and world.

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